Although growth has scored achievements in the global economic crisis, many people believe that Indonesia is able to grow even in the top 5%. One of the factors that constrain the potential for higher growth is the availability of infrastructure.
Survey conducted various parties, such as the Global Competitiveness Report, or the ADB Institute, shows the performance of our infrastructure has not been able to support the competitiveness of a better.
To boost the development of needed infrastructure that is not a little money and attention and focus more. Therefore since the acceleration of infrastructure development launched in 2005, has conducted a series of action plans which are part of the reform of infrastructure development.
Action plans include the form of (1) revise the existing regulations, (2) increase government budget allocations, and (3) increase the opportunities for governments and the private sector to build infrastructure.
Reform legislation that is currently almost completely provides the foundation for the other action plans. Laws and regulations related to infrastructure such as the Railway Act, Cruise and Flight has been revised following the spirit of Way Act, Water Resources and Telecommunications.
The aim of these is to remove the state-owned monopoly, separating dualism operators and regulators in the implementation of infrastructure, and open opportunities for local governments and the private sector.
More fiscal flexibility because our economy has kokohnya provide space for infrastructure development budget allocations greater. If the government’s 2008 budget has reached a number of around Rp56, 4 trillion for infrastructure and in 2009 reached Rp61, 7 trillion.
This budget is allocated for the five ministries namely the Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Transportation, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, and Ministry of Housing.
This amount does not include direct budget be transferred to the special allocation fund (DAK) and the special autonomy fund for infrastructure in 2009 was approximately Rp8 trillion and Rp18, 85 trillion. Overall this fund when In total in the period 2005-2009 would amount to Rp321, 6 trillion.
This amount does not include capacity expansion budget is state-owned major infrastructure such as PLN, PGN, Telkom (all three have a budget of around Rp290, 5 trillion in the same period), Angkasa Pura, Pelindo and PT KAI.
This count does not include funds the provincial and city districts for infrastructure. Total number of estimated infrastructure budget ranges (4-5)% of our GDP.
Infrastructure in order to contribute the maximum in supporting the economy, experts often use the 5% -6% of GDP as a rule of thumb. Before the 1997 economic crisis, Indonesia’s investment in infrastructure risen above 7% of national GDP.
Targets
Then the question is what has been built with these funds? Target Presidential Directive 5 / 2008 which is the target of development in 2008 and 2009 stated that at the end of 2009 should have been awakened several strategic infrastructure through the state budget funds.
Some of them are functionally operational and Cross-roads of West Kalimantan, Sulawesi. Pantura Line and the East Cross Sumatra today will accommodate the travelers in a steady state, the functioning of the village rang Suramadu Bridge in Indonesia over 38,471 villages, rural Internet-equipped smart as many as 100 villages, development and Kualanamu Hasanuddin Airport, and providing additional acceleration of 10 million connections drinking water for the community.
Increased public budget allocation for infrastructure has not followed by the performance of projects of cooperation of private government (KPS). There are four main issues commissioner, namely: (1) less mature project preparation so that supply can not respond very well by the market, (2) land acquisition factors protracted, (3) the inability of investors to raise funding that is not reached financial closure, and (4) risks that the project is considered too high to be borne by the private sector.
Five years is certainly the role of the private sector is needed to build infrastructure. National Development Planning Agency estimates that from 2009-2014 the need for Rp1.429 trillion, as much as about 65% expected to come from the private sector.
It required several instruments of fiscal and non-fiscal cooperation to facilitate the government and the private sector in infrastructure development.
The first instrument is the Project Development Facility (PDF) which is expected to overcome the problems kekurangmatangan project preparation. This facility is a fund that can be borrowed by the initiator to prepare bankable projects and the PPP to be tendered.
These funds can be used to conduct a feasibility study, conduct polls market (market sounding) to determine interest in the market (market appetite) and prepare project financial schemes (financial structuring).
So the revolving fund
If the tender process is complete and the winner of the tender has been appointed, these funds must be returned by the initiator through a pattern of reimbursement by the tender winner. Therefore these PDFs are expected to be a revolving fund.
Acute problems of land acquisition will try to overcome through the instrument Capping land, land Freezing and land acquisition fund. To provide certainty of financing land, the government has set the upper limit (Capping) of 10% above the estimated price of land.
If the transaction exceeds this limit then the government will bear. It aims to create more convenience for calculation of land price investors in the business plan.
This provision includes the provision of land acquisition by the bailout fund for investors to redeem the land, so as not to burden the risk and cost of money that the land acquisition process is often dragged.
To avoid the practice of land speculation, Head of BPN Regulation has provided a mechanism Freezing land where land can not dijualbelikan without the permission of the head region.
Currently under review the possibility of drawn special law that allows the domain to eminen public interest applies, of course, with respecting the rights of landowners and seek a fair replacement value.
Funding problems because of difficulties equity loan or try to overcome with the establishment of PT. Multi Facility Infrastructure (SMI) or which is known as Indonesia Infrastructure Fund (IIF).
SMI is currently in the process of forming Indonesia Infrastructure Financing Facilities (IIFF) in the form of joint subsidiary of multilateral institutions such as ADB, World Bank and DEG (Germany). IIFF be an operational unit of SMI in the PPP project transactions.
The persistently high risk perception of infrastructure projects in Indonesia trying to overcome through the establishment of PT. Infrastructure Assurance Indonesia (PII) or Guarantee Fund (GF) which targeted fully operational by 2010.
The presence of PII is expected to reduce the risk profile of an infrastructure project that could eventually lower the cost of financial transactions.
Escrow is planned to have supporting facilities (backstop facility) from multilateral funding agencies like World Bank or Asian Development Bank in the form of funds at any time can be used.
Types of risk that will guarantee principal is the political risk that is closely related to government authority. The Government has allocated a capital of Rp1 trillion as early PII will be professionally managed on the basis of commercial principles.
In addition to the preparation of various fiscal instruments to facilitate infrastructure development, investment procedures are still considered too convoluted to be cut.
There should be standard rules of procedure of investment in infrastructure in the form of Doing Business Infrastructure, which contains a transparent flow of procedures and time required to invest in infrastructure.
Various style will certainly conducted by the government’s attempt to spur infrastructure development to the next 5 years, whether in the form of basic human needs (basic needs) such as clean water, rural infrastructure, and that is supporting economic growth as transportation logistics, electricity, ports.
To build infrastructure projects in an efficient, effective, accountable, and transparent must be started from the correct procurement process. Therefore governance clean (good governance) should be an integral part of every stage of the implementation of infrastructure development.